3. Yoga, Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction Anatomy

1.2. Physiology

1.3. Anatomical Terminology

1.4. Directional terms

1. i) Superior or cranial
2. ii) Inferior or caudal

iii) Posterior or dorsal

1. iv) Lateral
2. v) Proximal
3. vi) Distal

vii) Medial

viii) Anterior or ventral

1. 5. Chemical to Organism level

1.6. Different Systems of the Body

1. i) The Locomotor System
2. ii) The Blood-Vascular System

iii) The Digestive System

1. iv) The Respiratory System
2. v) The Ductless Glands

vi)The Urogenital System

vii)The Nervous System

viii)The Special Sense organs

1. ix) The Excretory System

2. Respiratory system

2.1. Gaseous Exchange

2.2. Respiratory System

1. Nasal Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea (wind pipe)
5. Bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli (Air sacs)

2.3. Lungs

2.4. Pleura

2.5. Bronchi

2. 6. Pulmonary Ventilation

2.7. Respiration mechanism

1. a) Shallow breathing
2. b) Deep Breathing
3. c) Unconscious control of breathing
4. d) Conscious control of breathing

2.8. Lung Volume

3. Muscular System

3.1. Muscular tissues can be classified into

1. Smooth, non-striated or involuntary muscles
2. Cardiac muscle or myocardium
3. Skeletal, striated or voluntary muscles

3.2. Characteristics of skeletal muscles

1. i) Contractility
2. ii) Excitability

iii) Extensibility

1. iv) Elasticity

3.3. Functions of Muscles

1. Movement
2. Maintaining posture

• Producing Heat & Temperature Regulation

1. Circulation

3.4. Muscle fiber types

1. Slow twitch muscle fibre (type -1)
2. Fast twitch muscle fibre (type -2)
3. 5.Aerobic (with oxygen) and Anaerobic (without oxygen) Exercise

3.7. Types of Muscle Contractions

1. i) Isometric Contraction
2. ii) Isotonic Contraction
3. a) Concentric Contraction
4. b) Eccentric Contraction

4. Skeletal System

1. i) Cartilage
2. ii) Tendon

iii) Ligament

iv)Fascia

v)Bursa

Types of bone and cartilage

4.2. Functions of the Skeletal System?

4.3. The main bones of the human skeleton are

1. The axial skeleton
2. The appendicular skeleton

4.4. Classification of Bones according to shape

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones

4. 5. Skeleton Joints

Joints classifications

1. i) Fibrous joints
2. ii) Cartilaginous joints

iii) Synovial joint

4. 6. Synovial joints

4.7. Synovial joints classifications

1. Hinge
2. Ball and socket
3. Pivot
4. Gliding
5. Saddle
6. Planar
7. Spinal Cord and Yoga

5.1. Elements Of linkage between the vertebrae

5.2. Discs and ligaments

5.3. Weight Bearing Activities

5.4. Push & Counter push

5. 5. Types Of spinal movement

5.6. Axial Rotation

5.7. Flexion and extension

5.8. Forward and Backward-Bending Poses

5.9. Lateral and twisting movements

5.10. Axial extension

5.11. Intrinsic equilibrium

5.12. Spine, rib cage, and pelvis

6. Cardiovascular system

6.1. Heart

6.2. Chambers of the heart

The Heart, Arteries & Veins Forms the Circulatory System

6.3. The Cardiac cycle

6.4. Pulse

6.5. Heart Rate

6. 6. Cardiac Output

6.7. Blood pressure (BP)

6.8. Factors affecting blood pressure

6.9. Blood volume

6.10. Cardiac output

6.11. Peripheral resistance

6.12. Elasticity of the arterial walls

6.13. The viscosity of blood

6.14. Disorders of blood vessels

1. i) Arteriosclerosis
2. ii) Atherosclerosis

6.15. Disorders of blood pressure

i) Hypertension’s

1. ii) Hypotension

7. Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic Nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

7.1. The Central Nervous System

1. The Brain
2. The Spinal cord

7.2. Peripheral Nervous System

7.3. Somatic Nervous System

1. Sensory neurons (or afferent neurons)
2. Motor neurons (or efferent neurons)

The Autonomic Nervous System

1. The sympathetic system
2. The parasympathetic system

8. Kinesiology

8.1. Biomechanics and Kinesiology

8.2. Body Movements

Body Movements and Their Descriptions

1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Abduction
4. Adduction
5. Supination
6. Pronation
7. Lateral flexion
8. Rotation
9. Medial rotation (internal rotation)
10. Lateral rotation (external rotation)
11. Elevation
12. Depression
13. Dorsiflexion
14. Plantar flexion
15. Eversion
16. Inversion
17. Protraction
18. Retraction
19. Circumduction

8.3.7. Asana and Kinesiology

9. Stretching

Stretching

Definition and goal of stretching

What happens in a stretch?

When should you stretch?

Warming up

Cooling down

Diet and stretching

Calcium

Magnesium

Cold and heat therapy

Endorphin theory

The gate theory of pain

Six rules to stretching

Warm up

Be Gentle

Hold for 30 seconds

Breathe

Do not bounce

Stretch both sides symmetrically

9.1. Types of Stretching

1. Ballistic Stretching
2. Dynamic Stretching
3. Passive Stretching
4. Static Stretching

a). Isometric Stretching

b). PNF Stretching

9.2. Biomechanics of Stretching

What is stretching?

Moving origins & Insertions

Spinal Cord Reflexes

Muscle Spindle Stretch Receptor

Reciprocal Inhibition

Golgi tendon Organ

Physiology in Stretching

10. Endocrine System
11. Assignments