3. Yoga, Anatomy and Physiology

Paper – 3 Yoga, Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction
1.1. Anatomy
1.2. Physiology
1.2. Anatomical Terminology
1.3. Directional terms
1.5. Planes of the body
1.6. Body Cavities
1.7. Pictures
1.8. Different Systems of the Body
2. Respiratory system
2.1. Gaseous Exchange
2.2. Respiratory System
2.3. Lungs
2.4. Pleura
2.5. Bronchi
2. 6. Pulmonary Ventilation
2.7. Respiration mechanism
a)Shallow breathing
b)Deep Breathing
c)Unconscious breathing
d)Conscious breathing
2.8. Lung Volume
a) Total air volume
b) Tidal volume
c) Vital capacity
2.9. Abnormal Breathing and Breathing Disorders
i) Apnea
ii) Orthopnea
iii)Dyspnea
iv)Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
v)Hyperventilation
vi)Hypoventilation
vii)Cheyne-Stokes respirations (CSR)
3. Muscular System
3.1. Muscular tissues can be classified into
1. Smooth, non-striated or involuntary muscles
2. Cardiac muscle or myocardium
3. Skeletal, striated or voluntary muscles
3.2. Characteristics of skeletal muscles
i)Contractility
ii)Excitability
iii)Extensibility
iv)Elasticity
3.3. Functions of Muscles
i. Movement
ii. Maintaining posture
iii. Producing Heat & Temperature Regulation
iv. Circulation
3.4. Skeletal muscle structure
3.5. Properties of skeletal muscle
1. Excitability and irritability
2. Tonicity
3. All or none response
4. Summation
5. Treppe or staircase phenomenon
6. Tetanus
7. Refractory period
8. Isotonic contraction
9. Isometric contraction
10. Fatigue

4. Skeletal System
i) Cartilage
ii) Tendon
iii) Ligament
4.1. Bone
4.2. Functions of the Skeletal System?
4.3. The main bones of the human skeleton
4.4. Classification of Bones according to shape
i)Long bones
ii)Short bones
iii)Flat bones
iv)Irregular bones
v)Sesamoid bones
4. 5. Bone structure and formation
i)Compact bone (Cortical Bone)
ii)Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone)
4.6. Bone Development
i) Intramembranous ossification
ii) Endochondral ossification
4.7. Bone Growth
4.8. Human Skeleton Bones
a) axial skeleton
b) appendicular skeleton
4.9. Skeleton Joints
i) Fibrous (immovable)
ii) Cartilaginous (partially moveable)
iii) Synovial (freely moveable) joint
4.10. Synovial joints classifications
1. Hinge
2. Ball and socket
3. Pivot
4. Gliding
5. Saddle
6. Planar
4.11. Movements occurring at joints
1. Gliding movements.
2. Angular movements.
a) Flexion
b) Extension
c) Adduction
d) Abduction
3. Rotation or circular movements.
a) Medial rotation
b) Lateral rotation
c) Circumduction
4.12. Common Bone Disorders
i) Osteoporosis
ii)Rickets
iii) Osteomyelitis
iv) Osteosarcoma
v)Osteomalacia
4.13. Joint Disorders
i)Bursitis
ii)Joint Dislocation
iii)Sprains
5. Spinal Cord and Yoga
5.1. Elements Of linkage between the vertebrae
5.2. Discs and ligaments
5.3. Weight Bearing Activities
5.4. Push & Counter push
5. 5. Types Of spinal movement
5.6. Axial Rotation
5.7. Flexion and extension
5.8. Forward and Backward-Bending Poses
5.9. Lateral and twisting movements
5.10. Axial extension
5.11. Intrinsic equilibrium
Spine, rib cage, and pelvis
6. Stretching, Contraction and Flexibility and Yogic Techniques
6.1. Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise
a. Anaerobic Exercise
b. Aerobic exercise
6.2. Flexibility
6.2.1. Types of Flexibility
a) Dynamic Flexibility
b) Static-Passive Flexibility
6.2.2. Factors Limiting Flexibility
i) Internal Influences
ii) External Influences
6.2.3. How Connective Tissue Affects Flexibility
6.2.4. How Aging Affects Flexibility
6.2. 5. Strength and Flexibility
6.2. 6. Over flexibility
6.3. Contraction
6.3. How Muscles Contract
6.3.1. Fast and Slow Muscle Fibers
6.3.2. Connective Tissue
a) Endomysium
b) Perimysium
c) Epimysium
6.3.3. Cooperating Muscle Groups
i) Agonists
ii) Antagonists
iii) Synergists
iv) Fixators
v) Example
vi) Agonist/Antagonist Muscle Pairs
6.3.4. Types of Muscle Contractions
i) Isometric Contraction
ii) Isotonic Contraction
a) Concentric Contraction
b) Eccentric Contraction
6.4. Stretching & Yoga
6.4.1. What Happens When You Stretch
6.4.2. Proprioceptors
6.4.2. Stretch Reflex
6.4.3. Components of the Stretch Reflex
6.4.4. The Lengthening Reaction
6.4. 5.Reciprocal Inhibition
6.5. Types of Stretching
1. Ballistic Stretching
2. Dynamic Stretching
3. Active Stretching
4. Passive Stretching
5. Static Stretching
6. Isometric Stretching
7. PNF Stretching

7. Cardiovascular system
7.1. Heart
7.2. Chambers of the heart
7.3. Valves of the heart
7.4. Blood vessels attached to heart
7. 5. Blood supply to the heart
7.6. Nerve supply to the heart
7.7. Blood circulation
I. Systemic circulation
II. Pulmonary circulation
III. Coronary circulation
IV. Portal circulation
7.8. The Cardiac cycle
7.9. Conducting system of the heart
7.10. Heart sounds
7.11. Pulse
7.12. Heart Rate
7.13. Electrocardiogram ECG
7.14. Cardiac Output
7.15. Blood pressure (BP)
i) Systolic
ii)Diastolic
7.16. Factors affecting blood pressure
7.17. Blood volume
7.18. Cardiac output
7.19. Peripheral resistance
7.20. Elasticity of the arterial walls
7.21. The viscosity of blood
7.22. Measurement of blood pressure
7.23. Disorders of heart
i) Cardiac failure
ii) Stenosis of valves
iii) Angina pectoris
iv) Myocardial infarction
v) Cardiac arrhythmia
7.24. Disorders of blood vessels
i) Arteriosclerosis
ii) Atherosclerosis
iii) An aneurysm
iv) Embolus
v) Thrombus
vi) Venous thrombosis
vii) Thrombophlebitis
viii) Varicose vein
7.25. Disorders of blood pressure
i) Hypertension’s
ii) Hypotension
viii) Varicose vein
8. Nervous System
1. Somatic Nervous system (SNS)
2. Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
The Central Nervous System
Brain
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain
•Amygdala
• Brain stem
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Frontal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
• Hippocampus
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
Spinal Cord & Functions
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
1. Sensory neurons (or afferent neurons)
2. Motor neurons (or efferent neurons)
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic system & Parasympathetic Nervous system
9. Introduction to Kinesiology
9. Joint Movements
9.1. Flexion
9.2. Extension
9.3. Adduction
9.4.Abduction
9. 5. Rotation or circular movements
a)Medial rotation
b)Lateral rotation
9. 6. Circumduction
10. Physiology of Muscle contraction
10.1. The events of muscle contraction
a) Negatively & Positively Charged
10.2. Neuromuscular junction (Myoneural junction)
10.3. Neurotransmitter

11. Biomechanics of Stretching
What is stretching
Moving origins & Insertions
Spinal Cord Reflexes
Muscle Spindle Stretch Receptor
Reciprocal Inhibition
Golgi tendon Organ
Physiology in Stretching

11. Endocrine System & Yoga
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Pituitary Gland
11.3. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
i) Growth hormone (GH)
ii) Prolactin (PRL
iii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
iv) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
v) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
11.4. Posterior Pituitary Hormones
11.5. Thyroid Gland
11.6. Parathyroid Glands
11.7. Adrenal Glands
11.8. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
11.9. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
11.10. Aldosterone
11.11. Cortisol
11.12. Adrenal Sex Hormones
11.13. Pancreas
11.14. Other Endocrine glands
13. Digestive System
Picture
14. Assignment